Hydraulic fracturing is one of the most common methods of well stimulation for reservoirs with low permeability. Hydraulic fracturing increases the flow capacity, alters flow geometry, bypasses damage and improves recovery factor. The pressure of most of Iranian oil reservoirs is declined and consequently the production is reduced. It is necessary to improve the production by using new stimulation techniques, like hydraulic fracturing. In general, hydraulic fracturing treatments are used to increase the production rate, furthermore increasing recovery factor. In such cases, the Fracture Length is an appropriate optimization design variable against an economic criterion, e. g., the Net Present Value (NPV). This involves the balancing of incremental future revenue against the cost of operation. The production response in economic terms shows the effect of this design parameter. In this paper, a hydraulic fracturing operation has been designed by the simulator FracCADE 5. 1 then its impact on production and ultimate recovery has been investigated by ECLIPSE. According to NPV, the hydraulic fracturing schedule was designed to achieve an Optimum Fracture Half-Length. The results show that hydraulic fracturing increases oil recovery factor and production rate significantly. According to the NPV diagram, the best Fracture Half-Length for AZ-X well is 1100 feet and for MNS-Y well is 900 feet.

Background: Treatment of femoral Fractures in children sometimes requires open reduction and plate fixation. There is potential for complication in any type of fixation, leg Length discrepancy being one of them. We are reporting the results of plate fixation, with special emphasis on limb Length inequality problem.Materials: In a cross-sectional study, 42 patients at 6-12 years of age with femoral shaft Fractures treated dynamic compression plate fixation were assessed for malunion, nonunion, infection, device failure, and limb Length discrepancy in a mean follow-up of 26 months (18-60 months). Physical examination, serial X-rays and scanogram were used for assessment. Results: Out of the 42 cases, 32 (76.2%) were boys and the remaining 10(23.8%) were girls. Seven patients had comminuted Fractures, 5 Fractures were open Gustillo type 1. Twenty four were associated with polytrauma. The mean limb Length discrepancy at the end of treatment was 1.17 centimeters (0.4-2.4 centimeters). There were no device failure, malunion, or infection.Conclusion: Treatment of paediatric femoral shaft Fracture with dynamic compression plating has minimal side effects and causes minimal, if any, inequality in the Length of the femur.

Iran, due to its geographical location, has low rainfall and is considered a dry land. As a result, different regions of the country grapple with drought. The presence of water management systems, such as aqueducts and reservoirs, in most parts of the country, along with a variety of methods for conserving water for irrigation, may contribute to this claim. Considering that drought is an inherent phenomenon in Iran's climate, people have invented and used numerous methods to combat it and store water. The aim of this study is to monitor and evaluate drought in Iran. In order to realize this goal, precipitation data from synoptic, rain gauge, and climatology stations were extracted over a 51-year period, from 1970 to 2020. The results obtained from examining drought occurrences in five ten-year periods reveal that, with the exception of the third decade (1991 to 2000), drought has prevailed in the majority of Iran's regions compared to other decades. On the other hand, in the recent decades leading to 2020, the intensity of drought occurrences, especially in the Middle Zagros, has intensified, which has consistently been among the regions with the highest rainfall in Iran after the Caspian region. This situation can cause concern in Iran, a country where its agricultural production hub is established along the Zagros mountain range. Moreover, the fluctuating behavior of Iran's droughts, with return periods of 2 to 5 years, has complicated the management strategies for these types of hazards. These conditions appear to have created numerous issues in many areas of Iran, particularly in the agricultural sector of the western provinces, due to the lack of conformity with these types of occurrences.

Statement of Problem: In a previous study it was reported that a durable resin-ceramic tensile bond could be obtained by an appropriate silane application without the need for HF acid etching the ceramic surface. Evaluation of the appropriate application of silane by other test methods seems to be necessary.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the interfacial Fracture toughness of smooth and roughened ceramic surfaces bonded with a luting resin.Materials and Methods: Ceramic discs of 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were prepared.Four different surface preparations (n=10) were carried out consisting of (1) ceramic surface polished to a 1µm finish, (2) gritblasted with 50µm alumina, (3) etched with 10% HF for 2 min, and (4) gritblasted and etched. The ceramic discs were then embedded in PMMA resin. For the adhesive area, the discs were masked with Teflon tapes. A circular hole with diameter of 3 mm and chevron-shaped with a 90° angle was punched into a piece of Teflon tape. The exposed ceramic surfaces were treated by an optimised silane treatment followed by an unfilled resin and then a luting resin cylinder of 4mm in diameter and 11 mm in Length was built. Specimens were stored in two different storage conditions: (A): Distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours and (B): Distilled water at 37°C for 30 days. The interfacial Fracture toughness (GIC) was measured at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. The mode of failure was examined under a stereo-zoom microscope and Fracture surfaces were examined under Scanning Electron Microscope.Results: The mean interfacial Fracture toughness values were; Group A: 1) 317.1±114.8, 2) 304.5±109.2, 3) 364.5±169.8, and 4) 379.4±127.8 J/m2±SD. Group B: 1) 255.6±134.4, 2) 648.0±185.1, 3) 629.3±182.6 and 4) 639.9 ±489.0 J/m2±SD. One way Analysis of Variance showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the mean interfacial Fracture toughness for groups A1-A4 (P>0.05). However, the mean interfacial Fracture toughness for group B1 was significantly different from that for groups B2, B3 and B4 (P<0.05). Independent-ٍٍٍSamples T-Test results showed that there was a significant increase in the GIC mean value for groups B2 and B3 after 30 days water storage (P<0.05). The modes of failure were predominantly interfacial or cohesive within the resin.Conclusions: The Fracture toughness test method used in this study would be appropriate for analysis of the adhesive zone of resin-ceramic systems. From the results, it can be concluded that micro-mechanical retention by gritblasting the ceramic surfaces could be sufficient with no need for HF acid etching the ceramic surfaces when an appropriate silane application procedure is used.

In this paper a numerical procedure is presented based on the method of least squares (MLS) to synthesize a stepline transformer to match two complex impedances over a frequency bandwith for a specified line Length. First, the input impedance of a stepline terminated in a load impedance is obtained using the transmission matrices of the line sections and junction discontinuity impedances. Then, an error function is constructed as the sum of the magnitude squared of the difference between the input impedance of the stepline and the generator impedance over discrete frequencies in the desired bandwidth. The error function is then minimized with respect to the stepline characteristic impedances and also separately with respect to the stepline Length. This numerical procedure serves as an effective tool for the design of transformers of complex impedances with specified Lengths and frequency bandwidths and its implementation reveals uncommon and interesting transformer shapes which best realize matching conditions in the least square sense.

U7 station as a backup and service center has been situated in the middle of northern-southern Tehran’s metro line 7 project, in which is being excavated using an Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) machine. In this paper, the most appropriate stabilization method for the exterior portal has been nominated, and afterward the influence of tunnel excavation with TBM upon the stability of the above-mentioned portal has also been explored in the excavating procedure onset using numerical method. As a result, soil substitution with plastic concrete which can also be categorized as one of the ground improvement methods has been selected to mitigate difficulties more effectively. In addition, optimized Length of plastic concrete used to minimize tunnel face displacement and to restrict prospect instability has numerically been yielded.Introduction: In today’s world, development in infrastructure facility systems such as subways is in the public eyes more than ever. These underground openings are situated in urban and/or residential areas equated with soft soils and alluviums. Furthermore, providing a stable span for the TBM operations in station would be of great importance to avoid encountering any potential hazard like settlement, economic limitation, and even human casualties. Consequently, in EPB mechanized tunneling, fairly proper stabilization method of any station portals is found to be influential.Methodology and Approaches: In this study, the FLAC3D software has been utilized to carry out 3D numerical modeling to investigate the influence of plastic concrete on the face stability. In addition, the Mohr-Coulomb criterion has been taken into account for geo-mechanical behavior of soil material surrounding the tunnel. Since EPB machine is not capable of producing fairly enough pressure against the tunnel face to maintain stability at the beginning of the excavation up to 1.5 meter, hence plastic concrete Length required for face stability is found to be 1.5 meter. Accordingly, five plastic concrete of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 meter long has been inserted to a numerical model. Finally, optimized Length and lateral expansion of plastic concrete have been designed generally based on result driven from numerical analysis such as tunnel crown and face displacement, raptured zones around the tunnel face and wall. Results and Conclusions: Three dimensional modeling has revealed that required Length to fulfill tunnel face stability is 4 meter long with respect to face displacement magnitudes and also raptured zones. Lateral expansion of plastic concrete, however, should not exceed 1 meter. Results have demonstrated that plastic concrete plays a significant role in preventing tunnel crown from enormous displacement.

considered as a very common complaint in those patients that were admitted to the emergency department. One of the main purposes in these patients' treatment strategies is early returning to work and regular activities. This study purpose was to compare the results of two lower limb (leg) splinting methods: standard-sized short leg splinting, and also Half-sized short leg splinting. Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial research, we enrolled those patients with STI of the lower limb and without bone Fracture. The setting was Haftom Tir trauma center and all patients signed the written consent before the study starting. We categorized participants into two groups: standard-sized short leg splint and Halfsized short leg splint. The data were entered into SPSS 18 software and also were analyzed using that. Results: 300 patients were included in this study totally. The splinting complications were similar in two groups, but the splint Fracture and skin burn frequency were significantly lower in Half-sized short leg splint (P. V<0. 005). The mean score of pain and swelling frequency had no significant differences in both groups (P>0. 005). Conclusions: The results indicated that the performance of standardsized and Half-sized short leg splinting was similar in lower limbs STIs. The difficulties were less in Half-sized short leg splint. Therefore, this study recommend that emergency physicians could consider Half-sized short leg splinting in STIs, but the recommendation may be considered as valuable when this study results reassess in other clinical trials with multicenter researches and more sample size.

The variation of the growing season Length during the last decades is one of the important impacts of global warming. It has been intensified by occurrence of early Spring and late Autumn freezing. The Length of growing season has been increased in mid and higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere in association with the global warming. For this purpose, there are varieties of indices, but it is necessary to introduce a plant-free definition for applications, such as climate models and it’s changes for interpretation of global warming, appropriate description of forest and farm land. One of the definition is growing season Length (GSL) indices was defined by commission for climatology\ climate variability (CLIVAR). It is found by counting the number of days between first span of at least 6 days with daily mean temperature greater than 5oc after July 1st (Jan 1st in southern hemisphere) and first span of 6 days with daily mean temperature less than 5o. igh quality and homogenous daily temperature data sets from 16 Iranian synoptic stations for period of 1951-2003 were used for the study of variation of GSL accompanied by number of frost days and icing days. It was found that these  indices are not appropriate for stations like Bushehr and Abadan where located in southern part of the country. It was determined that there are positive trends for GSL in most of the stations where located in the central and northern parts of the country. The highest values of these trends, 7 to 12 days per decades belongs to Kermanshah, Mashhad and Tehran respectively. The number of frost days has decreased in most of the stations too.

In this paper, the Optimum shape of Tailor-Welded Blanks (TWB) is investigated. The optimization is performed for two different case studies. The first example is deep drawing of a TWB with dissimilar materials and uniform thicknesses and the next example is deep drawing of a TWB with similar materials and non-uniform thicknesses. The effect of blank optimization on the weld line movement is investigated. Also the effect of weld line location on the blank optimization and weld line movement is examined.